Far-right groups confront demonstrators in London

The protest and counter-protest came to an explosive head in Trafalgar Square, when small numbers of Black Lives Matter supporters and their antagonists threw bottles and fireworks at one another while police tried to separate them.

Parliament Square, where thousands of Black Lives Matter protesters had gathered just a week ago, was filled Saturday with hundreds of overwhelmingly white male counter-demonstrators. Many said they had assembled to prevent attacks targeting the statues in the square, especially that of Winston Churchill.

"People are defacing my history and my culture," said Dave Allen, a 30-year-old lawyer from London who had joined the counter-protest. "That's why these people are here, because we feel we're getting attacked."

Videos shared on social media showed mounted police standing guard in Parliament Square in front of boarded-up statues and repelling far-right protesters who threatened and punched them.

The confrontations in London came days after racism protesters tore down a statue of Edward Colston, a 17th-century slave trader, in Bristol, and others scrawled "racist" on a Churchill statue in Parliament Square.

The statue of Churchill, a usually revered figure in Britain who steered the country through World War II, was later covered to protect it. Mr Johnson called the episode "absurd and shameful" in a Twitter posting on Friday in which he acknowledged Churchill had "sometimes expressed opinions that were and are unacceptable to us today, but he was a hero, and he fully deserves his memorial."

In Paris, some 15,000 people rallied to demand justice for Adama Traoré, a 24-year-old who died in 2016 after police had arrested him. Amid the overwhelmingly young crowds, demonstrators waved signs reading "No justice, no peace" and "Black Lives Matter", less than two weeks after 20,000 protesters had assembled in front of a Paris court for Traoré.

The Saturday protests were organised by The Truth For Adama, an advocacy group led by Traoré's sister, Assa Traoré. The rally remained largely peaceful, although police officers threw tear gas and clashed with protesters in the late afternoon.

"In France, we have a tendency to deny thorny issues like race," said Isabelle Blanche, a 41-year-old black protester who came with her brother. She said that it had taken Floyd's death in the US "for people to finally wake up."

Wearing a black T-shirt bearing the inscription "Justice for Adama", Océane Loimon, an 18-year-old black protester, blamed French authorities for refusing to address police brutality, but as she pointed to the crowds on the plaza, she said, "They cannot ignore it anymore."

As in London, the atmosphere in Paris had grown tense earlier in the afternoon when far-right activists unfurled a large red banner reading "White Lives Matter" on the roof of a nearby building. The crowd below chanted, "No justice, no peace" in response and later cheered residents who tore down the lower part of the banner with chisels and knives. Some threw fireworks at the far-right activists, who were later chased off the roof by a handful of protesters.

Similar protests in Lyon ended in confrontations with the police, who fired tear gas in response to protesters who threw bottles and stones at them, according to local media reports.

Some demonstrations also were held in Germany, including in Stuttgart, but they were much smaller than those of previous weekends.

Across Europe, governments have walked a thin line throughout the week in trying to quell public anger.

The leader of a German opposition party, the Greens, has called for a change of wording in the country's constitution to include a provision that no one should face discrimination on the grounds of "racism". Chancellor Angela Merkel and her justice minister signalled last week that they would be open to a public debate on the change, which would require support from two-thirds of Parliament.

But authorities have otherwise urged people to avoid protesting and to stay home to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, which has killed more than 167,000 people in Western Europe and dragged the continent into its worst economic slump since World War II.

Police in Paris reminded the public that gatherings of more than 10 people were forbidden, and they asked businesses and restaurants to close near the Place de la République, where thousands remained Saturday in defiance of police barricades leading to the plaza.

Many protesters were unfazed by the warnings. "I'm less afraid of the coronavirus than I'm afraid of being killed by the police," said Cécilia Ranguin, a 20-year-old law student, who is black.

On Saturday evening, France's highest administrative court, the Conseil d'Etat, re-established the right to protest, provided that protesters respect health measures such as mask wearing and social distancing and that the gathering does not exceed 5000 people.

In London, police urged people to avoid demonstrating in the city and set a 5pm deadline for all protesters to leave the defined demonstration routes.

"I absolutely understand why people want to make their voices heard," Bas Javid, the Metropolitan Police commander, said in a statement. "But the government direction is that we remain in a health pandemic, and people are asked not to gather in large groups."

As the 5pm curfew approached, police were taking measures to ensure that the right-wing groups were kept separate from the Black Lives Matter protesters.

The presence of far-right counter-protesters added a new layer of complexity to an already tense situation in Britain and France, where demonstrators' demands have been met with resistance from police forces, who argue that instances of racism by their members have been isolated.

After France's interior minister on Monday promised "zero tolerance" of racism in the police and proposed a ban on chokeholds – a tactic that is increasingly prohibited in the US where protests continue – French police contested the ban and other reforms by staging a demonstration of their own on Friday, in which they threw down handcuffs at stations across the country.

Heeding calls

Dialogue between protesters and authorities in Europe has been infrequent. While demonstrators in Britain called on their country to acknowledge its racist and imperialist history, Mr Johnson has accused those who wanted to remove statues of trying to "edit or censor our past".

But there are also signs that politicians in Europe are heeding protesters' calls.

Sibeth Ndiaye, a spokeswoman for France's government, said on Saturday that the country had not brought an end to racism and that discrimination should be discussed more openly.

In an opinion piece in the newspaper Le Monde, Ms Ndiaye – who was born in Senegal and moved to France as a teenager – said the country needed to tackle "the reality of the suffering" that minorities endured.

As the protest neared a conclusion in Paris, protesters confronted police forces. "We are not afraid," Ms Traoré chanted as the truck she stood on drove back to the centre of the plaza and parked in front of a cordon of armour-clad police forces.